Lab & Scientific Instruments

136 products, each exploded into a recursive bill of materials. Open one and keep clicking down to the bolts.

Adaptive Optics System Real-time wavefront correction system using deformable mirrors and wavefront sensors to cancel atmospheric distortion. 35 parts · 8 subsystems

Anaerobic Chamber Sealed glove box maintaining <0.1% O₂ via active H₂ oxidation catalyst for anaerobic microbiology. 41 parts · 7 subsystems

Analytical Balance A 0.1 mg readability laboratory balance using electromagnetic force restoration to weigh samples inside a draft shield, with motorized internal calibration and a touchscreen interface. 54 parts · 12 subsystems

Antenna Analyzer Portable instrument that measures standing wave ratio, return loss, and impedance of antennas using a directional coupler and RF signal source. 40 parts · 7 subsystems

Arbitrary Waveform Generator Dual-channel signal generator producing user-defined waveforms up to 100 MHz with 16-bit resolution and high-speed DAC amplifier outputs. 45 parts · 7 subsystems

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer A flame/furnace AAS: a hollow-cathode lamp emits an element-specific line, an atomizer turns the sample into a cloud of free atoms that absorb part of that line, and a grating monochromator and photomultiplier measure the absorbance — which tracks the concentration of one metal at a time. 648 parts · 11 subsystems

Atomic Force Microscope A scanning probe microscope that measures cantilever deflection to map surface topography and mechanical properties with sub-nanometer vertical resolution. 29 parts · 6 subsystems

Autoclave Sterilizer A benchtop steam autoclave: a heated reservoir boils water into the sealed stainless chamber while a radial-locking door, relief valve and interlock contain pressure through a vacuum-assisted sterilization cycle. 282 parts · 11 subsystems

Automated Cell Counter Automated hematology analyzer using imaging optics or Coulter aperture sensing to count and classify cells in suspension with computer analysis. 54 parts · 8 subsystems

Automated Colony Counter An automated colony counter: a Petri dish on a uniformly lit stage is photographed by an overhead camera, and an image-processing board finds and counts the bacterial colonies far faster and more consistently than counting by eye. 322 parts · 8 subsystems

Automated Coverslipper Motorized apparatus applying coverslips and mounting medium to stained slides with precision placement and pressure. 36 parts · 7 subsystems

Automated Liquid Handler A robotic pipetting workstation: a deck holds labware in fixed positions while an X-Y-Z gantry carries a multi-channel pipetting head, and syringe pumps draw and dispense microliter volumes through disposable tips under software control. 817 parts · 11 subsystems

Automatic Polarimeter Optical instrument measuring optical rotation of chiral compounds via polarizer/analyzer optics, rotating sample stage, and automatic endpoint detection. 51 parts · 8 subsystems

Automatic Titrator An automated potentiometric titrator that dispenses titrant from a motorized burette in controlled increments while an electrode tracks the endpoint, computing concentration from the volume added at the equivalence point. 65 parts · 10 subsystems

Benchtop Bioreactor A stirred-tank benchtop bioreactor: a jacketed glass vessel grows cells or microbes while an agitator mixes the broth, a sparger feeds gas, probes track pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature, and a control tower closes every loop. 487 parts · 8 subsystems

Biosafety Cabinet Class II biological safety cabinet with HEPA-filtered positive pressure plenums and downward laminar airflow, providing both operator and environmental protection during handling of biohazardous materials. 33 parts · 8 subsystems

Cable Certifier Field test instrument that verifies Ethernet cable performance by measuring return loss, insertion loss, and propagation delay across the 1–100 MHz frequency range. 36 parts · 7 subsystems

Cassette Tissue Processor An automated histology processor that cyclically moves tissue specimens through stations of fixative, dehydrating alcohols, clearing agents, and paraffin infiltration with programmable timing and temperature control. 35 parts · 9 subsystems

Charpy Impact Tester Pendulum hammer pivoted at height and released to strike a notched specimen, measuring absorbed energy to assess material toughness at controlled temperatures. 25 parts · 7 subsystems

Climate Test Chamber An environmental test chamber that holds a controlled temperature and humidity over a wide range by balancing a refrigeration system against electric heaters and a humidification/dehumidification circuit inside an insulated, sealed cabinet. 64 parts · 11 subsystems

Cloud Chamber Diffusion chamber detecting ionizing radiation through cloud tracks of supersaturated alcohol vapor condensing on ionization trails. 32 parts · 8 subsystems

CO2 Incubator Laboratory incubator maintaining temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration for cell culture via heated chamber, gas injection, humidity control, and infrared monitoring. 46 parts · 8 subsystems

Conductivity Analyzer An on-line analyzer measuring electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions via a toroidal or contacting electrode pair, determining total dissolved solids. 29 parts · 6 subsystems

Confocal Microscope A laser-scanning confocal microscope: lasers excite fluorescence point by point as galvo mirrors raster the beam across the sample, a pinhole rejects out-of-focus light, and photomultipliers build an optically sectioned image one focal plane at a time. 745 parts · 10 subsystems

Coriolis Flow Meter A precision mass flow meter that vibrates U-shaped measuring tubes through which liquid or gas flows, detecting Coriolis deflection via pickoff sensors. 32 parts · 7 subsystems

Cryostat Microtome Refrigerated chamber microtome that maintains samples at -20°C to -40°C for thin frozen-section cutting. 38 parts · 7 subsystems

Curve Tracer Semiconductor test instrument that applies swept voltage and current to a device, plotting I-V curves on a CRT display to characterize transistors, diodes, and ICs. 36 parts · 7 subsystems

Desktop 3D Printer Fused-deposition modeling printer that extrudes heated thermoplastic filament layer-by-layer to build three-dimensional objects from digital designs. 56 parts · 7 subsystems

Desktop CNC Mill Computer-controlled subtractive machine tool that removes material using rotating cutting bits on XYZ axes, capable of milling metals and composites with micron-level precision. 52 parts · 7 subsystems

Desktop Laser Engraver CO2 or diode laser focused onto a material surface vaporizes or melts it to cut or engrave intricate patterns under numerical control. 43 parts · 8 subsystems

Desktop Vacuum Former Thermoforming machine that heats plastic sheet until pliable, then drapes it over a mold using vacuum suction for rapid custom part production. 37 parts · 7 subsystems

Digital Oscilloscope Digital oscilloscope with analog front ends, ADC system, acquisition memory, FPGA processing, and display for time-domain waveform capture and analysis. 96 parts · 8 subsystems

Digital Refractometer A benchtop instrument that measures the refractive index of a liquid by detecting the critical angle of total internal reflection at a prism surface, using an LED source and a linear detector array, with active temperature control for accuracy. 42 parts · 10 subsystems

Digital Theodolite Portable electronic angle measurement instrument with two-axis rotary encoders, digital display, and memory for bearing and zenith angle survey work. 26 parts · 7 subsystems

Digital USB Microscope A compact portable microscope with an integrated CMOS image sensor and USB interface, designed for digital inspection and documentation. 22 parts · 5 subsystems

Digital/Bar-Code Level Electronic level with photoelectric staff reader for automatic elevation measurement from bar-code graduated rods. 28 parts · 6 subsystems

Dissolution Tester A pharmaceutical dissolution apparatus: a heated water bath holds a row of vessels at body temperature, motor-driven paddles or baskets stir each one, and an auto-sampler draws timed aliquots so the release rate of a tablet's drug can be measured. 370 parts · 8 subsystems

Drop Tester Vertical drop test apparatus that lifts a packaged product to a calibrated height and releases it to free-fall onto a solid impact surface, assessing package damage resistance per ISTA 1A and ASTM D5276. 31 parts · 6 subsystems

Earth Ground Tester Handheld instrument that measures the resistance of earth grounding systems by injecting AC current between stakes and computing ground electrode resistance without disconnecting them. 39 parts · 7 subsystems

Electrodynamic Shaker Vibration testing machine using electromagnetic force to apply controlled sinusoidal, random, or shock waveforms to mounted specimens up to 100 kN peak force. 25 parts · 7 subsystems

Electronic DC Load Programmable current sink that absorbs up to 150A at 600V, simulating variable DC load with constant-current, constant-power, and constant-resistance modes. 72 parts · 9 subsystems

Embedding Station Heated paraffin workstation with dual-temperature zones for sample infiltration and block mold cooling. 27 parts · 6 subsystems

Fatigue Testing Machine Servo-hydraulic or electromechanical machine applying cyclic sinusoidal loads (tension-compression or bending) at frequencies up to 50 Hz to determine S-N curves and fatigue life. 19 parts · 6 subsystems

Flash Point Tester Apparatus heating a liquid fuel sample in a closed cup and igniting its vapors with a test flame, measuring the minimum temperature at which the vapor ignites (flash point per ASTM D92 or D1310). 18 parts · 7 subsystems

Flow Cytometer An instrument that hydrodynamically focuses a cell suspension into a single-file stream, interrogates each cell with focused laser beams, and measures scattered and fluorescent light on an array of detectors to characterize thousands of cells per second. 110 parts · 11 subsystems

Fraction Collector A chromatography fraction collector: a motorized rack indexes rows of tubes under a dispensing arm that moves on ball-screw axes, dropping the eluate stream into each tube in turn while a drop sensor and diverter valve avoid spills between positions. 269 parts · 9 subsystems

Freeze Dryer A laboratory freeze dryer (lyophilizer): frozen samples are held under deep vacuum while a refrigerated ice trap captures the water that sublimes off, drying biologicals and reagents without ever passing through the liquid phase. 317 parts · 11 subsystems

Freezing-Point Osmometer Laboratory osmometer measuring solution osmolality via freezing-point depression using a cooling well, thermistor probe, and crystallization stirrer. 48 parts · 8 subsystems

FTIR Spectrometer Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer using an interferometer (beamsplitter and moving mirror) to acquire broadband IR absorption spectra for molecular identification and composition analysis. 32 parts · 7 subsystems

Fume Hood A ducted laboratory fume hood: a chemical-resistant superstructure draws contaminated air past the work zone through baffles into an exhaust plenum, where a centrifugal blower pulls it to the building stack while a face-velocity monitor watches containment. 113 parts · 9 subsystems

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery system with 192 Co-60 sources focused through collimator helmet onto intracranial targets with sub-millimeter precision. 419 parts · 8 subsystems

Gas Chromatograph A gas chromatograph (GC): a sample is vaporized in a heated injector, swept by a carrier gas through a temperature-programmed capillary column that separates the components, and measured one by one at a detector to identify and quantify a mixture. 450 parts · 10 subsystems

Gel Documentation System Darkroom cabinet with UV/blue transilluminator, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, and software for gel image capture. 26 parts · 5 subsystems

Gel Electrophoresis System A horizontal gel electrophoresis system: a buffer tank holds an agarose gel between platinum electrodes, and a high-voltage power supply drives charged DNA, RNA, or protein fragments through the gel so they separate by size. 173 parts · 6 subsystems

GNSS RTK Rover Multi-constellation satellite receiver with real-time kinematic correction over radio or cellular, delivering centimeter-level positioning without local base stations. 35 parts · 7 subsystems

GPS-Disciplined Oscillator Precision frequency reference that locks an oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) to GPS satellite signals, providing 10 MHz output with <10 ppb frequency accuracy and <50 ns phase jitter. 48 parts · 8 subsystems

Ground Penetrating Radar Portable radar system with UWB antenna and processor for mapping subsurface structure (utilities, geological layers, voids). 38 parts · 7 subsystems

Histology Embedding Center A benchtop instrument for embedding tissue specimens in paraffin wax, maintaining precise temperature control and providing mold warming for consistent block preparation. 31 parts · 8 subsystems

HPLC System High-performance liquid chromatography system for compound separation and analysis using a quaternary pump, autosampler, heated column oven, and UV/Vis detector. 37 parts · 7 subsystems

Impedance Analyzer Laboratory instrument measuring complex impedance (magnitude and phase) of components from 42 Hz to 30 MHz using a four-terminal auto-balancing bridge. 54 parts · 8 subsystems

Incubated Shaker A benchtop incubated shaker: an insulated chamber holds flasks on an orbital platform whose eccentric drive swirls the culture, while a heater and circulating air keep the chamber at a set temperature for microbial and cell growth. 342 parts · 9 subsystems

Insulation Resistance Tester High-voltage test instrument that applies 500V to 10kV between electrical conductors, measuring insulation resistance to identify deterioration, moisture, and contamination in cables and motors. 41 parts · 7 subsystems

Inverted Microscope An optical microscope with objective and light path below the stage, allowing observation of live cells in culture dishes without removing them from incubators. 34 parts · 8 subsystems

Lab Glassware Washer Automated ultrasonic/spray-wash cabinet for pipette tips, flasks, beakers, and glassware with DI rinse and hot-air dry. 42 parts · 7 subsystems

Lab Nitrogen Generator Pressure-swing-adsorption (PSA) system generating >99.5% pure nitrogen from compressed air. 33 parts · 6 subsystems

Lab Water Purification System Multi-stage water purification system removing ionic, organic, and microbial contaminants from tap water via reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and UV sterilization, producing ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm resistivity) for analytical and biological applications. 25 parts · 8 subsystems

Laboratory Centrifuge A refrigerated benchtop centrifuge: a brushless drive spins an interchangeable rotor inside an armored, temperature-controlled bowl while imbalance and lid-lock safeguards keep the rotor contained. 278 parts · 8 subsystems

Laboratory Glovebox Inert-atmosphere sealed chamber with integrated gloves and antechamber, enabling safe handling of air-sensitive or toxic materials under positive pressure inert gas. 43 parts · 8 subsystems

Laboratory Water Bath A digital benchtop water bath: an immersion-heated stainless tank, insulated in a powder-coated housing, holds a stirred liquid at a PID-controlled temperature for incubation, sample warming, and reaction work. 146 parts · 12 subsystems

Laser Detector Receiver Portable photocell detector with grade rod clamp, audio/visual feedback, and battery power for site work on rotating and line lasers. 22 parts · 6 subsystems

Laser Particle Size Analyzer A laser diffraction particle size analyzer: a laser beam passes through a stream of suspended particles, which scatter the light at angles set by their size; a multi-element detector array measures the scattering pattern and software inverts it into a particle-size distribution. A dispersion cell keeps the sample flowing and well separated. 607 parts · 8 subsystems

Linear Air Track Perforated rail with air blower levitates gliders on an air cushion, enabling near-frictionless motion studies and collision experiments in mechanics. 43 parts · 7 subsystems

Magnetic Flow Meter A volumetric flow meter that applies a magnetic field across a conducting fluid, measuring induced voltage to determine flow velocity. 32 parts · 6 subsystems

Magnetic Stirrer A laboratory hotplate magnetic stirrer that spins a PTFE stir bar by rotating a magnet bar under the heated top plate, combining a BLDC drive, a cast-in heating element, and a microcontroller that closes the speed and temperature loops. 70 parts · 8 subsystems

Magnetic Utility Locator Handheld ferromagnetic sensor with audio/visual feedback for detecting buried metallic utilities (pipes, cables, conduits). 24 parts · 7 subsystems

Mass Spectrometer An LC-MS triple-stage quadrupole instrument: an electrospray source ionizes the liquid eluent, ion optics focus the beam, a quadrupole filters ions by mass-to-charge, and an electron-multiplier detector counts them — all behind a staged vacuum pumped down by a backing pump and twin turbomolecular pumps. 798 parts · 12 subsystems

Mechanical Orrery Clockwork model of the solar system with gear-driven planetary arms that replicate orbital mechanics and periods through mechanical ratios. 116 parts · 7 subsystems

Medical Cyclotron Compact accelerator producing 10–30 MeV protons or deuterons for positron-emission tomography (PET) radioisotope synthesis. 41 parts · 8 subsystems

Melt Flow Indexer Apparatus heating a plastic pellet or powder in a barrel, applying a calibrated weight to a piston, and measuring the mass of extruded filament in a fixed time interval, quantifying polymer melt viscosity. 18 parts · 6 subsystems

Melting Point Apparatus Benchtop apparatus for determining organic compound melting points via heated block with capillary tube stations, optical detection, and digital display. 50 parts · 8 subsystems

Microplate Reader A multimode plate reader: a motorized stage steps a 96- or 384-well microplate through an optical head that measures absorbance, fluorescence and luminescence well by well, reporting each well's signal to the host software. 585 parts · 10 subsystems

Microplate Washer An automated ELISA washer: a motorized carriage steps a microplate under a manifold of paired needles that flood each well with buffer and vacuum it dry, removing unbound reagent between assay steps. 316 parts · 9 subsystems

Microscope A compound trinocular laboratory microscope with Köhler LED illumination and a digital camera port. 60 parts · 10 subsystems

Muffle Furnace A high-temperature laboratory furnace that heats samples to 1100 °C or more in a refractory muffle chamber, isolating the load from the heating elements and combustion products, with PID control and a door safety interlock. 45 parts · 10 subsystems

Muon Tomography Detector Tracking detector using scintillator, drift, or straw tubes with PMT/SiPM readout and trigger electronics for cosmic-ray muon and particle imaging. 40 parts · 8 subsystems

NMR Spectrometer A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer: a superconducting magnet held near absolute zero in a cryostat produces an intense, ultra-stable field; a probe places the sample in that field and couples it to RF coils; an RF console pulses the nuclei and digitizes their faint return signal, while a lock and gradient system keep the field steady and the sample shimmed. 1,180 parts · 9 subsystems

Observatory Dome Rotating dome shelter with motorized shutter and slew mechanism enabling a telescope to observe the full sky while protecting optics. 37 parts · 8 subsystems

Optical Level Precision instrument with internal compensator and horizontal circle for measuring vertical height differences and horizontal angles across construction sites. 25 parts · 6 subsystems

Orbital Shaker Motorized platform oscillating in orbital pattern at 20–500 rpm, mixing cultures and solutions in flasks. 36 parts · 5 subsystems

Oxygen Analyzer A real-time oxygen concentration analyzer using either a zirconia solid-state cell or paramagnetic sensor to measure O₂ in gases or liquids. 33 parts · 6 subsystems

PCR Thermocycler A real-time qPCR thermal cycler that drives 96 sample wells through programmed temperature cycles while reading fluorescence per cycle. 384 parts · 10 subsystems

pH Meter A benchtop pH/mV meter that reads the millivolt output of a glass combination electrode through a high-impedance amplifier, applies automatic temperature compensation, and shows pH to 0.01 resolution on a touchscreen. 42 parts · 10 subsystems

Phase Contrast Microscope An upright optical microscope using phase-shifting optical elements to convert refractive-index gradients into amplitude contrast for unstained cell observation. 34 parts · 8 subsystems

Pipe Laser Self-leveling infrared laser head with grade slope adjustment and remote control, projecting a precise line for underground pipe and duct alignment. 23 parts · 5 subsystems

Polarizing Microscope An optical microscope equipped with polarizing optics and retardation plates for visualizing crystalline and birefringent specimens. 32 parts · 8 subsystems

Pressure Transmitter A transducer converting static or dynamic fluid pressure into a proportional 4–20 mA analog signal via a piezoresistive or capacitive sensing element. 29 parts · 5 subsystems

Prism Pole with Prism Surveying target pole with corner-cube retroreflector, bubble levels, and quick-change coupling for total station and GNSS rover distance measurement. 23 parts · 6 subsystems

Process pH Analyzer An on-line electrochemical analyzer measuring hydrogen ion concentration by sensing the potential difference across a glass/reference electrode pair. 31 parts · 6 subsystems

Protocol Analyzer Multi-protocol capture instrument with hardware timing engine records digital bus transactions (I2C, SPI, CAN, USB) at nanosecond resolution, enabling software debugging and protocol compliance verification. 73 parts · 8 subsystems

Proton Therapy System Clinical cyclotron or synchrotron accelerating protons to 70–250 MeV with motorized gantry, pencil-beam scanning, and real-time range modulation. 38 parts · 8 subsystems

Radar Level Transmitter A non-contact level meter using microwave pulses to measure distance to a liquid or solid surface through electromagnetic time-of-flight. 26 parts · 6 subsystems

Radio Telescope Parabolic reflector antenna with motorized altitude-azimuth drive, cryogenic low-noise receiver, and digital correlator for astronomical observations. 104 parts · 8 subsystems

Radiotherapy Linac Clinical linear accelerator producing 4–25 MeV X-rays and electrons, with motorized gantry, multileaf collimator, and imaging panel. 94 parts · 8 subsystems

Raman Spectrometer Laser-based spectrometer measuring inelastically scattered light (Raman scattering) from molecules to identify chemical composition and molecular structure. 27 parts · 7 subsystems

Ripple Tank Shallow water tank with vibration driver that creates surface waves for studying interference, diffraction, and reflection of wave phenomena in real time. 36 parts · 7 subsystems

Rockwell Hardness Tester Indentation hardness machine that applies a calibrated indenter (diamond cone or hardened sphere) to a specimen under programmed load, measuring residual depth to determine hardness on the Rockwell scale. 22 parts · 7 subsystems

Rotary Evaporator A rotary evaporator (rotovap): a motor spins a round-bottom flask in a heated water bath under vacuum, so a solvent boils off gently and recondenses on a chilled glass coil into a receiving flask, leaving the product behind. 208 parts · 10 subsystems

Rotary Microtome Precision rotary microtome that slices paraffin-embedded tissue specimens into 5–15 µm sections for microscopy using a manually-operated handwheel driving a specimen clamp across a fixed razor blade or knife. 28 parts · 7 subsystems

Rotational Viscometer An instrument that measures fluid viscosity by rotating a spindle immersed in the sample at a controlled speed and sensing the viscous torque resisting its motion, from which dynamic viscosity is computed. 69 parts · 10 subsystems

Salt Spray Chamber Corrosion test cabinet that atomizes a salt-water solution as fine fog onto test specimens, simulating coastal marine salt-spray environments per ASTM B117. 27 parts · 7 subsystems

Scanning Electron Microscope A high-resolution electron microscope that scans a focused electron beam across a sample surface to generate topographic and compositional images. 43 parts · 7 subsystems

Scanning Electron Microscope A scanning electron microscope: an electron gun emits a beam that electromagnetic lenses focus to a nanometre spot; scan coils raster it across the specimen while detectors collect the secondary and backscattered electrons it knocks loose, building an image pixel by pixel. The whole column runs under high vacuum. 1,000 parts · 9 subsystems

Slide Stainer Automated rotary-carousel stainer batching slides through reagent stations, drying, and coverslip application. 59 parts · 5 subsystems

Solar Telescope High-resolution coronagraphic or spectroheliographic telescope observing the solar photosphere and chromosphere with thermal and magnetic filtering. 37 parts · 8 subsystems

Spectrophotometer Double-beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer: dual-lamp source, scanning monochromator, sample compartment and photodetector for measuring absorbance across 190-1100 nm. 124 parts · 12 subsystems

Spectrum Analyzer RF measurement instrument with heterodyne receiver, local oscillator synthesis, IF chain with digital signal processing, and logarithmic display for frequency domain analysis. 85 parts · 8 subsystems

Tabletop Electron Microscope A compact scanning electron microscope with integrated vacuum and focusing optics, designed for benchtop deployment without dedicated vacuum infrastructure. 23 parts · 5 subsystems

Temperature Transmitter A signal converter that accepts RTD or thermocouple input, conditions and linearizes it, and outputs a proportional 4–20 mA analog signal. 22 parts · 6 subsystems

Tesla Coil Demonstrator Resonant transformer generating high-frequency high-voltage AC that produces plasma streamers from a topload capacitor, used for physics demonstrations and wireless power experiments. 27 parts · 7 subsystems

Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) A thermogravimetric analyzer measures how a sample's mass changes as it is heated. A microgram-resolution balance hangs the sample inside a programmable furnace; as a controlled purge gas flows past, the instrument records mass against temperature, revealing decomposition, oxidation and moisture loss. An autosampler runs many specimens unattended. 661 parts · 8 subsystems

Tissue Processor Automated histology specimen processor that cycles tissue through multiple reagent stations (fixative, dehydrants, clearing agents, paraffin baths) with vacuum/pressure and heated reagent tanks. 44 parts · 6 subsystems

Torsion Testing Machine Rotational loading apparatus that twists a shaft specimen between fixed and rotating chucks while measuring torque and rotation angle, determining shear stress-strain and torsional shear strength. 22 parts · 7 subsystems

Total Station Integrated surveying instrument combining electronic distance measurement, angle encoders, and onboard computer for precise 3D coordinate capture. 86 parts · 8 subsystems

Turbidity Analyzer An on-line optical analyzer measuring suspended particle concentration by detecting light scattered or absorbed by particles in water. 33 parts · 6 subsystems

Ultra-Low Temperature Freezer Ultra-low temperature (-80 °C) laboratory freezer using cascade refrigeration, insulated cabinet, and electronic temperature control for long-term sample preservation. 71 parts · 8 subsystems

Ultracentrifuge A refrigerated ultracentrifuge spins a rotor to hundreds of thousands of g in an evacuated, armored chamber: a high-speed drive on a magnetic bearing turns the rotor, a vacuum system removes air drag, and refrigeration holds samples cold while sedimenting them by density. 445 parts · 10 subsystems

Ultrasonic Flow Meter A non-invasive flow meter that measures flow velocity by detecting the time-of-flight or frequency shift of ultrasonic pulses traveling upstream and downstream. 31 parts · 5 subsystems

Universal Testing Machine Servo-hydraulic or electromechanical frame applies tensile, compression, and flexural loads to specimens while measuring elongation and stress-strain curves. 34 parts · 7 subsystems

UV Crosslinker Benchtop UV lamp array irradiating samples in sealed chamber to quantified DNA/protein crosslinking. 24 parts · 5 subsystems

Vacuum Concentrator Laboratory centrifuge-evaporator combining centrifugal force and vacuum heating for rapid solvent removal from biological and chemical samples. 51 parts · 8 subsystems

Van de Graaff Generator Electrostatic generator using a moving belt to transfer charge to an elevated conducting dome, producing high-voltage discharges for physics demonstrations. 32 parts · 7 subsystems

Vector Network Analyzer RF network analyzer measuring transmission and reflection of DUT via directional couplers, dual receivers, and coherent signal processing to yield S-parameters. 84 parts · 7 subsystems

Vibratome A precision vibrating microtome that cuts thin serial sections from biological tissue samples for histological and neuroanatomical analysis. 26 parts · 6 subsystems

Vortex Mixer A benchtop laboratory mixer that spins an offset, counterweighted drive to whirl a spring-suspended cup head in a tight orbit, swirling liquid in a held tube into a vortex; runs touch-start or continuous with variable speed. 55 parts · 12 subsystems

Wave Tank Glass channel filled with water containing a motorized paddle wave generator and instrumented to measure wave height, speed, and beach absorption for coastal engineering study. 35 parts · 7 subsystems

X-Ray Diffractometer An X-ray diffractometer: a sealed tube and high-voltage generator produce a monochromatic X-ray beam, a precision goniometer rotates the source and detector around the sample, and a strip detector records the diffraction pattern whose peak angles reveal the material's crystal structure. Interlocked shielding keeps the radiation enclosed. 705 parts · 10 subsystems